Burnt River Rails: Addendum

The July 2020 issue of Railfan & Railroad magazine features an article I wrote about Union Pacific's line along Eastern Oregon's Burnt River. To illustrate the story, I provided several photos, from which the editor selected only a few to run with the article. Here then are the remaining images I submitted, in (mostly) chronological order, with their respective caption information:

Seen from the open vestibule window of a Superliner car, Amtrak’s Pioneer approaches its final crossing of the Snake River and its entry into the Burnt River Canyon near Huntington, OR in April 1985.

Taken from the opposite side of the train in April 1985, the abandoned cement plant at Lime, OR appears almost ready to start production at any time, but that will never happen. Gradually, the remaining structures were removed over the next three decades until the last remnants finally came down in late 2018.

Union Pacific’s mainline across Eastern Oregon has been a preferred route for shipping windmill components to Inland Northwest windfarm projects. In June 2009, a trainload of windmill pylon sections rolls west through Durkee, OR behind SD70M 4998 and two EMD companions.

A westbound stack train, led by AC45CCTE 5536 and SD70ACe 8519, heels to a right-hand curve just west of Pleasant Valley, OR in August 2012 on the final leg of its climb toward the summit at Encina, OR. 

If there were any windows remaining in this abandoned trackside house at Durkee, Union Pacific ET45AH 2685 would be rattling them hard as it rolls east in March 2019.

No less than five high-horsepower locomotives lead a short manifest east at Nelson in March 2019. The cement production plant at left replaced the old plant at Lime many years ago, and it still provides a modest supply of traffic for UP’s Huntington Local. This is also the location where the railroad and freeway leave the broad Durkee Valley and enter the lower Burnt River canyon.

An eastbound manifest splits a pair of intermediate signals just east of Lime, Oregon in March 2019. The Old Oregon Trail Highway crosses the railroad at this location midway between Lime and Huntington sidings and right alongside Interstate 84.

Having nearly surmounted the steepest stretches of Durkee Loop, AC45CCTE 5545 leads a westbound stack train under the Old Oregon Trail Highway again as it approaches Oxman in March 2019.  In the early 1990s, UP extended Oxman Siding several miles to the east, effectively double tracking the entire length of the loop. 

In this image, the same westbound stack train is seen continuing uphill through Oxman in March 2019. None of the track between Durkee and the summit at Encina is level; there are only varying degrees of gradient.

The flesh-and-blood horses are not impressed with the passing iron horses leading this westbound stack train at Durkee in April 2019. In about a mile, the train will begin getting very serious about the stiff climb up and around the Durkee Loop, which includes two separate mile-long stretches of 2.2% grade.

Snaking up and away from the Snake River in April 2019, this westbound unit potash train will reach Huntington, Oregon in a matter of a half mile or less. Huntington was once a major division point and crew change location, but trains today do not need new crews until reaching La Grande.

The golden beams of the morning sun have just cleared the mountain ridges to the east to illuminate an eastbound stack train at Durkee in May 2019. The Old Oregon Trail Highway passes underneath the Huntington Sub right below the second locomotive.

Eastbound out of the tunnel near Weatherby, a hot stack train crosses the Burnt River on a two-span girder bridge in May 2019.

Having departed Huntington moments ago, an eastbound stack train drifts down the last remaining mile of the Burnt River before crossing the Snake in early May 2019.

SD70ACe 8942 and ES44AC-H 2754 roll an eastbound train of empty soda ash cars past a small homestead located alongside Weatherby siding in May 2019.

SD70ACe 8942 leads an eastbound train of empty soda ash cars through Lime and across the Burnt River on a through-girder bridge in May 2019. The extra-wide bridge abutments once supported a parallel spur track used to serve the cement plant that stood nearby.

A westbound intermodal train behind AC45CCTE 7961 and two EMDs heads upgrade around the Durkee Loop in May 2019. This valley is drained by Pritchard Creek, which flows through the culvert seen just to the right of the lead locomotive. UP double-tracked this loop in the early 1990s, making it much easier for dispatchers to keep the Huntington Sub fluid in times of heavy traffic.

A westbound manifest with several auto racks at the front of its train exits the Burnt River Canyon itself and enters Durkee Valley here at Nelson in August 2019. A “dead in consist” former Norfolk Southern GP38-2, now GECX 5094, is visible behind AC45CCTE 7938 and SD70ACe 9010 in transit to a new lease assignment with a shortline or industrial railroad. 

The fireman of Sumpter Valley Railroad’s Mikado 19 prepares to give his charge a healthy drink of water at McEwen, Oregon to get ready for a busy day of excursion runs in June 2009. There is very little, if any, visible evidence that this photo was taken in 2009, and not 75 years earlier when the SVRR was still hauling logs.

Favorite Rail Images from 2019

2019 did not present quite as many new photo opportunities for me as 2018 did. However, I really can’t complain. I still managed to shoot plenty of train photos in my “backyard," and I took several trips farther afield. Here are a few of the photos I shot during the year with which I am most pleased:

Arguably the single best image I shot this year. Driving west from Soldier Summit on a trip to Utah in the spring, the railroad signals indicated another eastbound train was imminent. I set up at the turn off to Thistle Slide Rd., and was very pleased to see the train in question was Amtrak's Number 6, the Zephyr, running somewhat late. Overall, the light and other conditions resulted in a near-calendar-quality shot.

Although I no longer live in Spokane, WA, I visit there frequently. Last year, a new pedestrian bridge opened over the BNSF mainline to link the city's new "University District" with East Sprague Ave. Both the aesthetics and the location of the bridge have been criticized by many, but railfans cannot ignore the interesting new photo angles it offers. Here is one I shot in the late morning of Jan 19th.

The city of Walla Walla, WA loomed very large in the early history of Washington State. As a key gathering point for the agricultural wealth found in the southeast corner of the state, several railroads converged on Walla Walla, creating a bewildering maze of tracks north of the city center. Only a few of these remain in service, but on a snowy February morning, I shot a Palouse River & Coulee City RR train shuffling freight cars on the last active former NP track in town.

Speaking of snow, returning from the annual railroad show and swap meet in Monroe, WA, friend Rich Olson and I caught up with an eastbound train of empty oil tanks at Scenic. The crew had just received a green signal indication and began notching up the throttle to get rolling again. Ahead, the train will enter Cascade Tunnel for 7+ miles, and then roll down the east side of Steven Pass.

Local trains operating in and around the Tri-Cities are always interesting to me, especially with the varied mix of older locomotives they run. On a drizzly January afternoon, a UP local runs past the iconic Farmers Exchange building in downtown Kennewick.

Later in the year, a similar UP local pulls through the small yard at Hedges, on the east side of Kennewick.

Any BNSF locomotive still wearing Cascade Green paint is worth a photo or two. In this instance, one such SD40-2 leads as the Byron Turn cruises through Richland on its way back to Pasco Yard.

Very recently, the Byron Turn has operated behind matched pairs of freshly repainted former ATSF SD75i locomotives, as seen here passing Desert Gardens cemetery in Richland. Without being too morbid, this may be a good place to be buried when that time comes, so close to an active rail line.

Technically not a local train, this grain train is inbound to Pasco Yard, crossing the long former NP lift bridge across the Columbia River in mid-September. The cut of WSDOT Grain Train cars immediately behind the power will most likely move north to the CBRW with the next Connell Turn out of Pasco.

Here's the Columbia Basin Ry. itself in October, running south out of Warden, WA headed to the BNSF interchange at Connell. The CBRW is know for its stable of early, albeit heavily rebuilt, six-axle EMD locomotives.

One of my "bucket list" items has been attending the festivities surrounding the 150th anniversary of completing the Transcontinental Railroad, held May 10th at Promontory, UT. I did not allow myself to get caught up in all the 'Big Boy' commotion. Instead, I made an early morning visit to the Golden Spike Nat'l Historic Park to avoid the crowds, hiked a few stretches of the right-of-way, and then attended an in-person get-together with some Facebook friends in Ogden. While at the site, I shot this photo of the Railfan & Railroad magazine editorial staff getting their shots of the Jupiter as she rolled out of the enginehouse for a day of posing with her sister, UP 119.

It seems I shot a lot more Union Pacific activity than in previous years. From April, I managed to finally be in the right place/time to catch a train on the Malad Branch out of Brigham City. I had other places I needed to be, but I managed to catch a few run-bys as the train passed through Tremonton, UT

After dropping family members off at the Portland, OR airport in June, I looked around a little prior to heading home and managed to bag this local train switching cars on the Kenton Line with a clear view of Mt. Hood. A closer look in the distance will reveal an oncoming road train.

I attended two funerals with my sister this year. Unfortunately, the latter of the two was for her husband, but the former involved a June road trip to Pocatello, ID to say goodbye to a favorite uncle. Early in the AM before the service, I managed to slip away and catch this westbound mixed freight entering the yard.

I spent a lot of time in Eastern Oregon this year, working to capture images of UP in the Burnt River canyon to support an article I was writing. This picture did not make my cut for the article submission, but it's still a solid shot of a westbound manifest train climbing up through Oxman, OR.

Another UP shot in a location I've never seen a train running came the morning before my brother-in-law's funeral service in Provo, UT. I chased a UP local train working the branch through Pleasant Grove and American Fork, UT and got this shot of the train paralleling Highway 89.

On the return trip from our uncle's funeral, I was driving my sister and her kids west out of Missoula, MT. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw a westbound Montana Rail Link Gas Local train on the Evaro Pass line (MRL's 10th Subdivision). We had just eaten, so the kids were pacified enough that they could tolerate a short side trip to bag this image. Then it was back on the freeway for the rest of the way home.

On a February trip to the coast with my wife (for yet another funeral), I dropped her off at a favorite quilt shop in Puyallup, WA, and then made a pass along the tracks. Lo and behold, the elusive Meeker Southern was at word that day and I was able to shoot this image of their former NP SW-1200 shuffling cars in the industrial park they serve.

Heading down to Promontory, I had planned time for a few side-trips. This trip to Vale, OR was well timed, as I just managed to catch the Oregon Eastern RR's train departing for their UP interchange near Ontario. The GP7 is a former Toledo, Peoria & Western locomotive. Other than a "chopped" short hood for improved visibility, the locomotive is otherwise stock and sounds just like an early "geep" should!

On my way to see The Who at Seattle in mid-October, I stopped past the Northwest Railway Museum in Snoqualmie, WA and followed their Halloween family excursion train from North Bend to their end-of-track near Snoqualmie Falls. This "grab shot" as the train passed the Snoqualmie depot turned out the best. Maybe others would call this shot busy or crowded, but I think the classic depot, misty mountains, green-haired flagger, colorful trees, and stopped jeep framed the bright orange locomotive just right.

Yet another rock concert made a great cover story for an August railfan trip. On my way to see the B52's with OMD and Berlin at Bend, OR, I took a day to explore the former SP&S Oregon Trunk line. Although I live relatively close to the line, it is not the most accessible route to follow, and I have seldom had much luck with trains on family trips taken along Highway 97. This time, I did much better. One of the early shots I got was this southbound crossing the famous rail bridge over the Crooked River near Redmond, OR.

After staking out a campsite near the Oregon Trunk's Trout Creek trestle, I heard a southbound freight working its way around the canyon. Although I got shots of this military equipment train crossing Trout Creek, this image turned out particularly well as the train reached the high ground between Gateway and Madras, OR.

Another military train the following day crosses over the Deschutes River and enters a tunnel here at the upper of the "Twin Crossings." After transiting the tunnel, the train immediately crosses the river again at the lower crossing. This is a classic OT photo angle that I'm glad I finally managed to shoot for myself.

In August, Washington State handed over operation of its "P&L Line," the former NP branch between Marshall and Pullman, WA, to a new contract operator, the Spokane, Spangle & Palouse Railway. I managed to be on hand for their first day of operation and, among many other images, I got this shot of "GP39M" 3904 (a former ATSF GP35) and its train at Highway 195 on an unusual over/under crossing of the northbound and southbound lanes.

On a late fall trip to Spokane to drop my wife at the airport, I had a chance meeting with good friend Maddie Farnsworth. She gave me a hint that the SSPR had been working at Spangle, WA and might be headed back to Marshall at any moment. Acting on the tip, I managed to chase the train the full distance and got a few good shots. Normally, "going away" shots are seldom very good, but I was pleased with this one as the train approaches Marshall. The only thing that could make it better would be if the train had been long enough to be visible on the near end of the S curve. More sunlight would've helped too.

Saving the best for last, the most exciting trip I took this year was to Olean, NY in hopes of seeing giant six-axle Alco/MLW Century- and M-series locomotives in action. The Western New York & Pennsylvania RR runs its Driftwood (PA) Turn, which is famous for its steep northbound climb up Keating Summit as it returns to Olean. Newer GE locomotive were rumored to be on their way to supplement (and certainly replace) the older Alco/MLW units. The Driftwood train runs 2-3 times per week, and on the first day of my visit I caught it arriving at Turtle Point, PA to deliver its loads of rock. The train had stopped to allow a local from Olean to clear the former Pennsylvania RR mainline, and then its three monster Alcos roared to life bringing the train back to track speed.

The following day, a Friday, got off to a good start with a railfan report that at least three trains would be running that day and a Driftwood train should run on Saturday. Unfortunately, I somehow missed (slept through?) the first train that departed Olean! In my scrambling to figure out where the train had gone, I guessed wrong and followed the southward rail line into PA. When it was clear I had completely missed that first train, I cut over to Bradford, PA where I had an AirBnB lined up for the night. Serendipitiously, I saw a few other railroad locations of interest to me, so it was not a total loss. Once checked in, I drove back toward Farmers Valley, PA where the second of the hoped-for trains should be. I caught up with it (as did a sizeable contingent of other railfans) and got several shots of the train on the branch and on the mainline toward Orlean, as seen above. The bad news was that the Driftwood train would not operate the next day, which actually cleared up some time to see other sites of interest to me on my way back to the airport at Rochester.

An Exceptional Year

In terms of my railroad photography, 2018 was an exceptional year! It wasn't a bad year either in other aspects of my life: my last child graduated high school, my other kids all took big strides toward full adulthood, I had a book published, and a bunch of other good things happened.

As for my rail photography, there are three basic reasons this year stood out: 1) I had several opportunities to travel outside my "natural range" and see for myself rail operations I had only read about before, 2) Whether by planning or by luck, I managed to be at the right place and time within my natural range to capture moments not seen before, and which may not occur again, and 3) maybe, after years of simply "pointing and shooting," I'm finally developing better photography strategies and skills!

In mostly chronological order, here are some of the photos that resulted:

During the first week of January, I traveled to Portland, Oregon to do research for my book. Having a little time to kill after I'd found what I was looking for and before catching a MAX train out to the airport, I lucked out that a matched set of Portland & Western "Geeps" hauled their train through the East Portland interlocking and into UP's Albina Yard.

Closer to home a week later, I happened to spot the Palouse River & Coulee City's "grain shuttle" train arriving at Wallula, Washington. I have seen the PCC's grain shuttle operations before, both on feeder branches in the western Palouse and on the UP mainline near Hooper, but this was my first time shooting the arriving train. Within a year, this operation would cease.

During an early spring visit to my son and daughter-in-law in Spokane, I spotted BNSF's inbound Chewelah Turn. Making a sharp turn of my own, I was able to line up this shot of the train s-curving across the Spokane River. The train itself teamed with the light green of the trees to offset the gray clouds and surroundings.  

Photographing BNSF's Byron Turn in Richland and Kennewick is not unusual for me. However, shooting the train pulled by an SD40-2 in the orange/green Heritage I scheme, rather than the usual orange/black "swoosh" painted GP28Ms, is a rare treat with no promise it will be repeated any further into the future. 

Shooting photos "against the sun" is seldom easy. Fortunately, the light on the distant flora contrasts with the shadowed nose of the oncoming BNSF SD70ACe on the former SP&S mainline approaching Cushman siding.

On another trip to Spokane, I traveled by way of Providence Hill along the former Northern Pacific mainline and caught a side-lit grain train as it rounded a curve near the crest of the grade.

I was in Spokane a lot during the spring and summer, and on another trip there, I got this "golden hour" shot of a BNSF westbound grain train at Tokio siding. This is a very popular photo location for other railfans, probably for this very reason.

Returning from the David Byrne concert in Seattle in May ("The best live show of all time."), I slept in my car at the top of Stampede Pass, and then worked my way down the Yakima from there. Near Bristol, downriver from Cle Elum, I shot this eastbound empty grain train.

Following the same train past Ellensburg, I also shot it here approaching Roza. I really liked the slightly purple tinge of the basalt cliffs.

Less than a month later, I drove my daughter and her friend over to attend a three-day ComicCon in downtown Seattle. While they were at the con, I naturally spent my time chasing trains. I even connected with a few friends from social media who shared locations and tips for good "hunting". Here, one of the new Siemens locomotives leads a Cascades train north into King Street Station.

A two-man UP crew works the industrial trackage along Seattle's Marginal Way, using a belt pack remote to operate GP38-2 631. It turned out when I posted this image to a Facebook group, the pictured crewman identified himself and I was able to send him a full resolution copy of this photo.

Another Seattle-area operation I've been wanting to see for myself for some time is the "Renton Rocket" which mostly operates to haul 737 fuselages to and from the Boeing plant in Renton. It was fun to witness the part where they run down the middle of Houser Way, but I was too close to the action for those photos to be very interesting. This one, however, turned out pretty well.

Less than a week later, I acted on a tip that a train would be running on the WI&M tracks east of Palouse WA and took a spur-of-the-moment overnight trip there. My wife was out of town for a couple weeks, so I could get away with it. The early-morning westbound train ran "against the sun" so I had to get creative with my photo angles. I thought this shot from the hillside above the Potlatch ID depot worked particularly well.

As the same train approached the end of its run to Palouse, I snapped this shot. I've photographed trains on Whitman St. several times before, but this image turned out the best of them all (so far, I hope).

On a mid-July return trip from Spokane, the sun was just beginning to set, allowing me to shoot westbounds in really good light. The partially collapsed fence and gates added some interest to the foreground. 

Here's that curve near Tokio again. I took this shot in color, and it was pretty good, but I liked it a lot better in black and white.

My "big trip" this summer, courtesy of my wife's employment in the airline industry, was flying out to Iowa in late July to spend a day photographing the last electric freight railroad in the U.S., the Iowa Traction Railroad in Mason City. In the early morning, just after the crew went to work, I took this shot of a single freight "motor" hauling a single empty tank car toward an interchange with Union Pacific's former Rock Island route through Mason City. If it weren't for the single minivan on the parallel highway, it would be difficult to tell this was taken in 2018, not 1928.

I don't think this photo has any particular artistic value, but it's hard to beat a well-lit shot of a 90-year-old locomotive still doing the job its builders intended on a daily basis.

No less than five separate steam railroads (i.e. separate from the electric interurban) once intersected Mason City. Today, that number is down to two, although only a few of the former routes have been removed; the rest are simply operated by different railroads now. Most exciting to me was seeing Canadian Pacific running on former Milwaukee Road tracks, with a heavily re-built "geep" leading a local train from a nearby scrapyard into the Mason City yard.

I also got to spend part of a day on my own in Denver in mid-August, and decided trains or no trains, I wanted to see the East Portal of Moffat Tunnel for myself. Getting out of downtown, I spotted the westbound California Zephyr making its station stop, so I had time to select and set up at a location of my choosing. Had I known how long I would be waiting, I'd have probably headed up higher into the mountains, but I settled for the crossing of Coal Creek Parkway. Once I snapped the shutter on this scene, I knew I hadn't "settled" for anything.

On my way back down from East Portal, I was also able to capture several shots, including this one at Tolland, of a westbound BNSF manifest climbing the grade. 

It usually doesn't take much to get a rail enthusiast excited. Back in the Tri Cities, UP had assigned  a slightly oddball locomotive to its local trains, one of only three GP40P-2s constructed for use on Southern Pacific commuter trains on the San Francisco peninsula. To most observers (and most likely to the train crews) it's no different than any one of hundreds of UP four-axle EMD locomotives, so I'll leave it to the viewer to look for the differences. Here the 1373 has just brought its train across the Columbia River for some local work in Kennewick and Richland.

Over on BNSF, the minor spotting features of a group of otherwise look-alike wide-cab diesels, got fans excited about former Santa Fe SD75Is. The clean "swoosh" scheme helped these capture their share of the attention on local trains in and around Pasco yard, including this inbound Connell Turn in mid-September.

SD40-2s on local freights also got me a lot more excited about them than when they pulled mainline freights in the 1980's.

I took a second trip east to the Palouse in early October for a couple events kicking off my new book release. Luckily, I also managed to be in Palouse (City) to witness the Washington & Idaho RR crew switching out well cars stored on a former S&IE spur.

The same crew then headed up the old WI&M shoving empty cars for Bennett Lumber, and dragging the well cars behind for storage on the Kennedy Ford siding. I don't find a locomotive sandwich very photogenic, but working the angles I found a few ways to shoot the train with the well cars hidden as much as possible by trees or rocks.

The tour de force of my year was a multi-day road trip I took to Montana in mid-October. An old railfan friend of mine was getting married at the Izaak Walton Inn near Glacier Park, giving me a chance to see him again, meet his teenage son, and even participate in the wedding ceremony itself. The day before the ceremony, the teenage son and I chased down the latest celebrity relic in the Treasure State: a former Milwaukee Road locomotive now owned by Watco and used on their Mission Mountain Railroad, seen here on tracks in Kalispell that may not be in service much longer.

While the blushing bride was getting ready for the ceremony, the groom and I re-lived our glory days by pacing the eastbound Empire Builder over the summit to East Glacier, and then shooting a few eastbound freights on our way back toward the inn. This shot turned out best, and I would have considered submitting it to BNSF for a calendar if it weren't for their policy of accepting shots only when the leading locomotive (at least) features the current paint scheme. (Also, I think they only accept photos from employees, ruling me out as well.)

The following morning, the rest of the wedding party hopped on the Builder for a return trip to their homes in Chicago. The weather had been perfect the previous two days, and with that trend appearing to continue, I chased their train back across the pass, resulting in near-perfect shots like this one near Bison . . .

...and this one at the Two-Medicine Bridge.

With the happy couple on their way, I finally got down to the business of Montana Rail Link. This scenic and operationally diverse railroad runs within 200 miles of my hometown, and yet it has never worked out for me to spend any real time checking it out. Not that I had lots of time this trip, but enough to chase this train, the eastbound Gas Local, from its origin at Thompson Falls back as far as Paradise. This was one of the better shots.

I took a favorite photo of a Burlington Northern freight crossing this bridge at Clark Fork, Idaho nearly 34 years earlier, and now it was time for me to shoot it again. This time, I shot an eastbound BNSF train from the opposite shore of the river from the earlier shot.

Did I mention that in addition to perfect weather on this trip, I also enjoyed near-perfect fall colors, for Montana, at least. I think the blue locomotives of MRL look better against a backdrop of orange and yellow trees, but the matching orange of BNSF diesels doesn't look half bad either.

In early November, I made a trip down to Lewiston, Idaho for a book signing event. Being a Saturday, there was very little rail activity going on, but I managed a shot of the Great Northwestern Railroad (a Watco outfit) switching crew working the west end of the former Camas Prairie Railroad yard. GP35 3523 was originally built for the Reading RR before coming to the Palouse River & Coulee City RR in about 1997. It now carries WAMX reporting marks, and is the last one in the Inland Northwest still wearing its Palouse River & Coulee City paint. 

In late November, I took another trip to Spokane and was able to shoot this westbound Canadian Pacific grain train on UP's Hinkle-Spokane-Eastport mainline a few miles west of Cheney. There's just a hint of frost on the grass. 

On a quick trip to Utah to fetch a child home from college for the holidays, I slipped out of my Brigham City hotel room early in the morning hoping to catch a low-light shot of any trains that might pass through. The local crew was in the yard putting a train together, and I waited at this spot hoping they would roll past me. They never got any farther out of the yard than this before I had to head back and meet up with the family for a day-long drive home. Still, the photo turned out pretty well with only the glow of the headlight shining out from behind the trees.

Back at home in the lull between Christmas and New Years, I managed to get out and shoot a few trains, despite less-than-ideal lighting conditions. One day, I was able to chase the Lowline Local between Pasco and Wallula, with a BN green SD60 leading past the station sign at Burbank

Another low-light shot, taken out of opportunity rather than by intent, was this westbound Washington Eastern RR train of grain empties approaching Medical Lake, WA. The WER is a new railroad operating on the state-owned line between Cheney and Coulee City, and their ex-Santa Fe GP30 looks great leading their trains.

Taken on the last day of 2018, I shot this westbound potash train snaking along the shore of the Columbia just downriver from Wallula.

To repeat myself, I think this is the best collection of photos I've ever taken within the arbitrary confines of a calendar year. I guess it wouldn't be wise to rest on my self-awarded laurel wreath, so I plan to get out trackside and see if I can say the same thing at the close of 2019.